Title

Research Abstracts (English)
Title:-	Sex and Cultural Differences in Performance On the Stroop Color and Word Test
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	In B.M.Alansari (Eds.), The Kuwaiti Personality: Empirical Studies (1997), (pp215-237), Kuwait: Almanar Islamic Bookshop.
Objectives /Aims:-	This study aims at investigating the effect of sex and culture in performance on the Stroop Color and Word Test. It greater was hypothesized that females would display differential interference than males across cultures. Moreover, Kuwaiti college student would display greater interference than British college students.
Methods:Samples:-	-140 student from Kuwait university, Kuwait (60 males, 80 females). - 70 student from Aberdeen university (36 males &34 females).
* Tools:-	Stroop test version by Golden (1978).
Results:-	Kuwaiti subjects achieved higher interference than the British subjects, but no sinecure sex differences on Stroop interference. It was concluded that the stroop interference has no relationship to sex variables and best related to cultural variables in cognition.
Recommendation	- Discussed in the original paper.
Funding Institution:-

Title:-	Relationship Between Shyness and Cognitive Style as Measured by the Embedded Figures Test and the Stroop Test (Across Cultural Study)
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	In B.M.Alansari (Eds.), The Kuwaiti Personality: Empirical Studies (1997), (pp239-268) Kuwait: Almanar Islamic Bookshop.
Objectives /Aims:-	The study examined the relationship between shyness and cognitive style derived from the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Embedded Figures Test across two different cultures. It was by hypothesized that a significant relationship would appear between shyness and cognitive style across cultures.
*Methods: Samples:-**	140 (60 males& 80 females) Kuwait undergraduate students from Kuwait university and 70 (36 males& 34 females) British undergraduate students from Aberdeen university.
* Tools:-	- Embedded figures Test , the Stroop test and the Cheek&Buss shyness scale
Results:-	- Indicated a significant relationship between the Stroop Test and the Embedded Figures Test for the Kuwaiti sample only however, no significant relationships between shyness and cognitive style measures appeared across both the British and Kuwaiti samples. It was concluded that the cognitive style measures has little relationship to personality and may best be understood in terms specific cognitive style.
Recommendation	- Discussed in the original paper.
Funding Institution:-

Title:-	Personality Correlates of the Embedded Figures Test: A Cross - Cultural Examination
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	In B.M.Alansari (Eds.), The Kuwaiti Personality: Empirical Studies (1997) (pp269-281) Kuwait: Almanar Islamic Bookshop.
Objectives /Aims:-	This study examined the relationship between personality traits and the performance on the Embedded Figures Test across two different cultures.
*Methods: Samples:-**	Kuwaiti sample of (141) students (60 males 81 females) from Kuwait university & a British sample of (70) students (36 males &34 females) from Aberdeen university.
* Tools:-	Jones and Russell Social Reticence Scale, Leary Interaction Anxiousness Scale, Watson and Friend Social, Avoidance and Distress Scale. Gough CPI sociability subscale, Gough CPI Dominance subscale, and subscales from Krug Adult Personality Inventory (Craning, Adopting, Withdrawing Submission ,Hostility and Assertion), Witkin’s Eva bedded Figures Test, and Chesk & Buss Shyness Scale.
Results:-	-The correlations calculated between the Embedded Figures Test and 12 personality scales which yielded 12 correlations for each sample. Results indicated only one significant correlation between Withdrawing subscale and the EFT for the Kuwaiti sample. It was conduced that the Embedded Figures Test has little relationship to measures of personality and may best be understood in terms of specific cognitive style. Thus we are unable yet to predict some certain personality traits on the performance on the Embedded Figures Test.
Recommendation	We may conclude that we are unable yet to predict some certain personality variables in which it has not been examined in the literature.
Funding Institution:-

Title:-	Sex Differences in Psychological Differentiation: A Cross – Cultural Examination
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	In B.M.Alansari (Eds.), The Kuwaiti Personality: Empirical Studies (1997), (pp283-295) Kuwait: Almanar Islamic Bookshop.
Objectives /Aims:-	The study was conducted in Britain and Kuwait in order to investigate sex differences on Psychological differentiation.
*Methods: Samples:-**	141 Kuwaiti undergraduate from Kuwait University (60 males & 81 females) and 70 British Student from Aberdeen University (36 males & 34 females).
* Tools:-	The Witkin’s Embedded Figures Test.
Results:-	- The results clearly indicate a significant sex differences in British and Kuwaiti undergraduate students. - The males appeared to be more field independent than females. - It seems that socialization biological and gentice factors are involved in psychological. -The results of the present study did support the sex differences in differentiation dimension in general.
Recommendation	- In the light of the implicative sex differences associated with these distinction, future studies could fruitfully explore their origins.
Funding Institution:-

Title:-	Sex and Cultural Differences in perceptual Differentiation Cognitive Style
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	In B.M. (Eds.), The Kuwaiti Personality: Empirical Studies (1997), (pp297-313) Kuwait: Almanar Islamic Bookshop.
Objectives /Aims:-	The study was conducted in Britain and Kuwait in order to investigate sex and Cultural differences in perceptual differentiation.
*Methods: Samples:-**	Kuwaiti sample of (141) student from Kuwait University (60 males 81 females). A British sample of (70) students from Aberdeen University (36 males &34 females).
* Tools:-	The Embedded Figures Test (EFT), within, Oltman, Raskin and Karp.
Results:-	- There are significant differences between sexes in both samples are consistently more differentiated than females. - The prediction that British subjects would achieve a higher level of perceptual differentiation was confirmed by the present results - Results support the hypothesis that British subjects would be more perceptually –differentiated than Kuwaiti subjects. The results also clearly indicate a significant sex differences in British and Kuwaiti undergraduate students. The males appeared to be more field independent than females.
Recommendation	- Discussed in the original paper.
Funding Institution:-

Title:-	The psychometric Properties of NEO Five- Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-S) based on the Kuwaiti Society
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	Psychological Quarterly (1997), 7 pp (277-310), Cairo, Egypt.
Objectives /Aims:-	The aim of the present project is to test psychometric properties version of the NEO Five- Factor Inventory. (Costa & Mccrae, 1992).
*Methods: Samples:-**	The samples: one consisting of 200 subjects, the second consisting of 1005 subjects and the Third consisting of 2584 subjects.
* Tools:-	The NEO-FFI-S, EPQ.
Results:-	- Internal consistency were acceptable only for the neuroticism & conscientiousness Scales. - (11) First order Function were extracted and (3) second order Factors were extruded. - Evidence was found that the (NEO-FFI-S) is not valid and reliable scale to assess the Five –Factor model of personality in general. - Implications point to the need to reconsider the Factorial structure of the (NEO-FFI-S).
Recommendation	- To test the NEO-FFIS-S in anther Arabic culture.
Funding Institution:-	Kuwait University , Research Administration , Grant No. AP030.

Title:-	The Development of an Arabic Version of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	Journal of Counseling Psychology (2001), 14, p.p119-172, Eein Shames University Egypt.
Objectives /Aims:-	The aims of the present study is to develop an Arabic version of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)) (Beck & Steer, 1974), to test its psychometric properties and to assess hopelessness among Kuwait University students. The scale consisted of (20) items (true/false). Ten studies were carried out in order to achieve the study objectives.
*Methods: Samples:-**	The Samples Consisted of (277), (300), (170), (139), (114), (107), (360), (274), (74) and (50) undergraduate students from both sexes administered the BHS.
* Tools:-	The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), NEO-PI-R, EPQ, BDI, LOT, STAI-T, Guilt, Shame, KUOPS, Unrealistic optimism scale.
Results:-	1- The satisfactory psychometric properties were carried out of the different samples. 2- The scale internal consistency was ranged from 0.70-0.97 across nine different samples. 3- Regarding the factor structure of the Beck Hopelessness Scale, four factors have been extracted among two different samples, 4- Hopelessness significantly positively correlated with depression, anxiety, guilt, shame, pessimism, neuroticism, and negatively correlated with optimism and unrealistic optimism 5- Significant gender difference was reported in hopelessness in which females scored higher then males in hopelessness in general.
Recommendation	The potential usefulness of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in therapeutic, school, Athletic, business, and research settings were discussed.
Funding Institution:-	Kuwait University – Research Administration Grant No. AP041

Title:-	The Assessment of Optimism and Pessimism their Relationship to Personality Variables among Kuwait University Undergraduates.
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	(Accepted in 10/2001) Annals of Arts and Social Sciences Kuwait University.
Objectives /Aims:-	The present study is set to examine optimism Undergraduate and pessimism among Kuwait University undergraduates and their relationships to personality variables such as Depression, hopelessness , anxiety , obsession , guilt, shame , unrealistic optimism , extraversion , neuroticism , Psychotism , lay , agreeableness, conscientiousness , as well as the gender differences and the prevalence of optimism and pessimism.
*Methods: Samples:-**	Eleven independent samples from Kuwait University from both sexes were used in this study in order to achieve the study objectives. The first sample consists of (212) students answered to an open ended question procedure, the second sample consists of (7) psychologist administered the Optimism and Pessimism Scale in order to assess its face. The following samples consists of (382), (1015), (295) (160), (162), (247) (307), (325) and (104). The third forth Kuwait University respectively in order to assess the scale, internal consistency, and to assess the correlation between optimism and Pessimism with personality variables and validity item analysis, validity, and gender differences.
* Tools:-	- KUOPS, EPQ, NEO, BHS, BDI, KUAS, GUITI, SHAM, DAS.
Results:-	*The study finding are:* 1. The scale has satisfactory psychometric properties in different samples. 2. The scales internal consistency ranged from 0.90-0.96 across ten different samples. 3. Regarding the factor structure of the Optimism and scale, four factors have been extracted from male; three factors have been extracted from females. 4. Optimism significantly positively correlated with unrealistic optimism, extraversion and lay , and negatively correlated with hopelessness, depression , anxiety , guilt, shame , obsession , pessimism , and neuroticism significant positive correlation between pessimism and depression , hopelessness, neuroticism , anxiety , guilt, obsession , shame, and a significance negative correlation between pessimism and optimism , unrealistic optimism extraversion and lay . 5. Significant gender difference was detected in optimism. Results were discussed in reference to the notion that optimism and pessimism are better reconsidered as representing two partially independent but correlated traits. Implications of the findings were discussed.
Recommendation	- Discussed in the original paper.
Funding Institution:-	Part of this study was supported by a grants from Kuwait University – Research Administration Grants No. ( AP022 , AP030 , AP036 , AP037 , AP039 , AP041)

Title:-	The Assessment of Situational Remorse and it’s Correlates with Personality Variables among Kuwaiti Undergraduates From Both Sexes *
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	Damascus University Journal for Educational Sciences (2001), 17, 2, p.p39-86 Syria.
Objectives /Aims:-	The aims of this study is to introduce remorse in the Arabic literature as a distinctive personality trait, to develop a remorse scale in Kuwaiti society . To be used as a diagnostic tool and in research , to assess remorse among Kuwaiti undergraduates, as well as it’s correlates with some personality variables such as embarrassment, shame ,shyness, extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness.
*Methods: Samples:-**	Four independent samples from Kuwait University undergraduates: - First sample consists of (317) students administered the open question procedure. - The second sample consists of (780) students administered the Situational Remorse Scale in order to assess it’s reliability, validity and gender differences in remorse. - The third sample consists of (425) student in order to assess the additional examination of the internal consistency. The forth sample consists of (335) students in order to assess the correlation between remorse and some personality variables and the structure of all variables .
* Tools:-	emorse scale, Guilt scale, shame scale, NEO, Embarrassment scale, shyness scale.
Results:-	1. The satisfactory psychometric properties were carried out of the Situational Remorse Scale. 2. The scale internal consistency was ranged from, 87-, 94 across different samples. 3. Regarding the factor structure of the Situation Remorse Scale, six factors have been extracted among males and eight factors have extracted among female. 4. Remorse significantly positively correlated with guilt, shame, embarrassment, and conscientiousness. 5. Regarding the factor structure of all personality variables, two factors have been extracted (guilt factor, and shyness vs. extroversion factor). 6. A significant gender difference was reported in which females showed higher degree of remorse than males. 7. A significant was reported between high and low groups in remorse, in which the high group showed higher degrees of guilt, shame, embarrassment, and conscientiousness.
Recommendation	The potential usefulness of the situational Remorse Scale in therapeutic, school, Athletic, business, and research settings wet discussed
Funding Institution:-	Kuwait University – Research Administration, Grant No. AP036

Title:-	The Development and Validation of Unrealistic Optimism Scale among College Students From Both Sexes in Kuwait.
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	Psychological Quarterly (2001), 11, (2), pp (193-243).
Objectives /Aims:-	a) To introduce unrealistic optimism in the Arabic literature as a distinctive personality trait. b) To develop an unrealistic optimism scale in order to assess unrealistic optimism in Kuwait society to be used as diagnostic tool and in research. c) To assess unrealistic optimism among Kuwaiti college students. d) To examine its correlates with some personality variables.
*Methods: Samples:-**	The samples: (270), (425), (360) , (185) , (162) , (644) and (274)College student from Kuwait.
* Tools:-	UOS, KUOPS, BHS, BDI, SS, GS, KUAS, PAI, Lot, STAI-T, OCS.
Results:-	1. The scale has satisfactory psychometric properties in different sample. 2. The scales, internal consistency ranged from. 72-89 across four different samples. 3. Regarding the factor structure of the Unrealistic Optimism scale two factors have been extracted across two different samples. 4. Unrealistic optimism significantly positive correlation with optimism, and negatively correlated with hopelessness, depression, anxiety, guilt, shame, obsession, somatic complains, pessimism, and suicidal ideation. 5. No significant gender difference was detected in unrealistic optimism.
Recommendation	The Potential usefulness of the unrealistic optimism was discussed.
Funding Institution:-	Kuwait University, Research Administration, Grant No. AP039

Title:-	The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale: A Study of its Validity and reliability and correlates among samples from Kuwait University undergraduates
Author:-	Dr. Bader M. Alansari
Publisher:-	(Accepted in 4/2002) at the Faculty of Arts Journal, Alexandria University, Egypt 2002).
Objectives /Aims:-	The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and correlates of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (KUAS) as a measure of anxiety trait.
*Methods: Samples:-**	- The samples consisted of (500),(810),(278),(235),(96).(106),(98),(104) and (160) undergraduate students from both sex administered the KUAS in order to assess reliability , validity , gender differences , and the correlation between anxiety and personality variables .
* Tools:-	-KUAS, BDI, BHS, DAI, KUOPS, EPQ , DA, DF, STAXI-T.
Results:-	1. The KUAS had satisfactory psychometric properties in different samples. 2. The scale's internal consistency ranged from. 0.76-0.93 across ten different samples and 0.79 (test-retest) denoting good internal consistency and stability. 3. Regarding the factor structure of the KUAS, three factors for males and four factors for females have been extracted among two different studies. 4. Anxiety score was significantly positively correlated with depression, hopelessness, anger, stress, suicide ideation, aggression, antisocial behavior, egocentricity, health concerns, obsessive compulsive, dental anxiety, dental fear, pessimism, neuroticism, and negatively correlated with optimism and curiosity. 5. Significant gender difference was reported in anxiety in which females scored higher than males on the total KUAS Score.
Recommendation	- Discussed in the original paper.
Funding Institution:-	Part of this study was supported by a grants from Kuwait University – Research Administra